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WMD Possessors and Aspirants
Five states are defined as nuclear weapon states under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT):
At least three more are de facto nuclear weapon possessors (the D-3):
These eight have the most advanced missile programmes and have also had, and
in some cases may continue to have, biological and/or chemical weapons or programmes.
Several further states are viewed as of proliferation concern or have programmes
which have been exposed and are now being addressed and dismantled. These include:
This section gives news, analyses or documentation relating to the possession,
proliferation or aspirations to acquire nuclear, chemical or biological weapons
by states or groups other than Britain and the United States, which are covered in separate detail. This
replaces previously separate features on Iraq, South Asia and Russia, but provides
links to past coverage of those states or regions.
Recent Analysis from Disarmament Diplomacy
Engaging India, Israel and Pakistan in the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Regime, by Jenny Nielsen
Rethinking Security Interests for a Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zone in the Middle East, by Rebecca Johnson
Building Blocks for a WMD Disarmament Regime
in the Middle East, by Merav Datan
Iran
In June 2008, the P5 +1 (the Permanent members of the UN Security Council,
along with Germany) presented Iran with a renewed
proposal, setting out incentives to resolve the dispute over Iran's nuclear
programme.
The move follows UN Security Council Resolution
(UNSCR 1803), which was agreed on 29 February 2008, adopting further sanctions
under Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
Initial indications from Iran have been positive, but further details are yet
to emerge.
Coverage in Disarmament Diplomacy
-
Rethinking Security Interests for a Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zone in the Middle East, by Rebecca Johnson, Disarmament Diplomacy,
No.86, Autumn 2007
-
Building Blocks for a WMD Disarmament
Regime in the Middle East, by Merav Datan, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.86,
Autumn 2007
- Iran masters Uranium Enrichment as US Intelligence
Report Says Nuclear Weapons Programme Halted in 2003, Disarmament Diplomacy,
No.86, Autumn 2007, including:
Background Documents
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei
Statement to the IAEA Board of Governors, 17 June 2008
- Proposal to Iran by China, France, Germany,
the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and
the European Union, 14 June 2008
- EU High Representative for the CFSP Javier
Solana, Remarks at Press Conference in Tehran, 14 June 2008
- President Bush and Prime Minister Brown
on Iran, 14 June 2008
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei
Interview with Der Spiegel, 11 June 2008
- CRS Report on Iran's Nuclear Programme,
8 March 2008
- UNSCR on Nonproliferation, Statements by
Permanent Members of the Security Council, 3 March 2008
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei
statement to the IAEA Board of Governors, 3 March 2008
- US Ambassador Schulte statement on Iran,
IAEA Board of Governors, 3 - 7 March 2008
- UN Security Council Resolution 1803 on
Nonproliferation (Iran), 29 February 2008
- Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki
on a Middle East free of WMD, February 4, 2008
- US Ambassador Gregory L. Schulte on Iran,
January 31, 2008
- US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
on Iran, January 23, 2008
- Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov
on Iran Security Council Resolution, January 22, 2008
- US Ambassador Gregory L. Schulte on Iran,
December 11, 2007
- President Bush press conference on the
Iran Intelligence Estimate, December 4, 2007
- IAEA Director-General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei
on the US Intelligence Estimate on Iran, December 4, 2007
- US National Intelligence Estimate on Iran,
December 3, 2007
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei
introductory statement to the IAEA Board of Governors, November 22, 2007
- IAEA Director-General report to the Board
of Governors on Iran, November 15, 2007
- US Ambassador Khalilzad on IAEA Report
on Iran's Nuclear Program, November 15, 2007
- Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Speech to
the Lord Mayor's Banquet, November 12, 2007
- E3+3 Political Directors Statement on Iran,
November 2, 2007
- US Under Secretary of State, Nicholas Burns
on ElBaradei and Iran, November 1, 2007
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei,
interview on Iran, October 30, 2007
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei,
speech to the UN General Assembly, October 29, 2007
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei,
interview on Iran, October 28, 2007
- P5 Foreign Ministers Statement on Iran,
October 28, 2007
- US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
announces new sanctions against Iran, October 25, 2007
- IAEA Director General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei,
interview with the FT on Iran 'Work Plan', October 2, 2007
- Understandings between the Islamic Republic
of Iran and the IAEA on the Modalities of Resolution of the Outstanding Issues,
IAEA Information Circular 711, August 27, 2007
- UN Security Council Resolution 1747 on
Non-Proliferation (Iran), March 24, 2007
- UN Security Council Resolution 1737 (2006),
Non-proliferation, December 23, 2006
- Iran's Response to the Package Presented
on June 6, 2006
- UN Security Council Resolution 1696 on
Non-proliferation [Iran], July 31, 2006
- Elements of a Revised Proposal to Iran,
June 9, 2006
From April 24-27, 2006 Dr Rebecca Johnson, executive director of the Acronym
Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, attended a series of meetings in Tehran,
hosted by the international Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
and Iran's Centre for Strategic Research.
Introduction, by Dr Rebecca Johnson
Disarmament and Sustainable Non-Proliferation, by
Dr Rebecca Johnson, Presentation to the International Conference on Iran's nuclear
energy programme: Politics and Prospects Centre for Strategic Research, Tehran,
April 25, 2006.
See the Acronym Institute's Iran archive for further
documents and analysis.
Back to the Top of the Page
North Korea
On February 13, 2007, the six party talks on North Korea's nuclear programme
reached a breakthrough agreement of a North
Korea Denuclearization Action Plan on February 13, 2007, in which North
Korea was given 60 days to close its Yongbyon nuclear facility and allow International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors back, in return for supplies of heavy
fuel oil.
In October 2007 a further agreement on 'Second
Phase Actions' for implementing the 2005 Joint Statement on North Korea's
nuclear programme. This set a deadline of 31 December 2007 for North Korea to
make a full declaration of its nuclear programmes.
Following significant delays, North Korea has now presented a 60 page dossier
of information concerning its nuclear programme and has publicly destroyed the
cooling tower of its nuclear facility at Yongbyon.
North Korea: Recent Coverage in Disarmament Diplomacy
Government Documents and Statements
- North Korea Foreign Ministry Statement
on the disablement of Yongbyon, 4 July 2008
- President Bush press conference on North
Korea, 26 June 2008
- US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
on the North Korea Declaration, 26 June 2008
- US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
Op-Ed on North Korea, 26 June 2008
- North Korea: Presidential Action on State
Sponsor of Terrorism (SST) and the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA),
26 June 2008
- State Department Briefing on Six Party
Talks, 13 May 2008
- State Department Fact Sheet on North Korea
Six Party Talks, 10 May 2008
- US Assistant Secretary for East Asian and
Pacific Affairs Christopher Hill on the 6 party talks, 8 April 2008
- US Assistant Secretary for East Asian and
Pacific Affairs Christopher Hill on his meeting with DPRK Vice Foreign Minister
Kim Kye-gway, 8 April 2008
- US - DPRK bilateral meeting in Geneva,
13 March 2008
- US Assistant Secretary for East Asian and
Pacific Affairs Christopher Hill on North Korea, 6 February 2008
- Deadline for North Korea nuclear declaration
passes: US press briefing, January 7, 2008
- US Assistant Secretary of State Christopher
Hill press availability in Japan, December 7, 2007
- US briefing on Six Party talks, December
6, 2007
- US Assistant Secretary of State Christopher
Hill visit to North Korea, press briefing, December 5, 2007
- US Assistant Secretary for East Asian and
Pacific Affairs, Christopher R. Hill Press Conference on disabling North Korea's
Yongbyon nuclear facility, November 3, 2007
- US Press Conference on disabling North
Korea's Yongbyon nuclear facility, November 1, 2007
- US Assistant Secretary for Bureau of East
Asian and Pacific Affairs Christopher R. Hill testimony on North Korea,
October 25, 2007
- South Korea President Roh Mooh-hyun's on
Inter-Korean summit agreements, October 8, 2007
- South Korea President Roh Mooh-hyun's on
visit to Pyongyang, October 8, 2007
- Declaration on the Advancement of South-North
Korean Relations, Peace and Prosperity, October 4, 2007
- Second Phase Actions to implement the North
Korea nuclear agreement, October 3, 2007
- Six Party Agreement on 'Second-Phase Actions'
for implementing the Joint Statement on North Korea's nuclear programme, US
Fact Sheet, October 3, 2007
- Statement by President Bush on the Six
Party Talks agreement on North Korea's nuclear programme, October 3, 2007
- US Briefing on the Six Party Talks,
October 3, 2007
- US Briefing on Six Party Talks, September
14, 2007
- US Briefing on US-DPRK Bilateral Working
Group Meeting, September 2, 2007
- US Christopher R. Hill, Assistant Secretary
for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Remarks at the ASEAN Regional Forum,
August 1, 2007
- US Assistant Secretary for East Asian and
Pacific Affairs Christopher Hill special briefing on Six Party Talks on North
Korea's nuclear programme July 23, 2007
- Press Communiqué of the Six-Party Talks,
July 20, 2007
- US Statement on the Six Party Talks,
July 20, 2007
- US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
Press Briefing on North Korea nuclear agreement, February 13, 2007
- President Bush press conference on Iran,
Iraq, North Korea, February 13, 2007
Key Documents
See Acronym's North Korea archive for previous coverage of the North
Korea nuclear crisis including previous rounds of the six party talks.
Back to the Top of the Page
Iraq
Iraq: Coverage in Disarmament Diplomacy
- Two Terrifying Reports: The US Senate and
the 9/11 Commission on Intelligence Failures Before September 11 and the Iraq
War
by Joseph Cirincione, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.78, July/August 2004
- Lord Butler's Report on UK Intelligence
by Stephen Pullinger, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.78, July/August 2004
- Iraq's illusive WMD, Disarmament Diplomacy
No.77, May/June 2004
- WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications,
by Alexis Orton and Joseph Cirincione, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.75, January/February
2004
- Lord Hutton Reports on the Death of Dr
David Kelly, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.75, January/February 2004
- UK Debates Iraq War, WMD and Defence Policy,
Disarmament Diplomacy, No.74, December 2003
Iraq: Documents & Statements
- Comprehensive Report, Special Advisor to
the Director of Central Intelligence on Iraq's WMD, September 23, 2004
- US Secretary of State Colin Powell on Iraq
and Iran, September 29, 2004
- The 'new conflict' in Iraq, UK Prime Minister
Tony Blair, September 19, 2004
- '[T]he weight of legal advice here is that
a fresh mandate may well be required,' UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw's letter
to Tony Blair before the Iraq war, leaked and published in the Telegraph,
September 18, 2004
- 'It was illegal,' UN Secretary-General
Kofi Annan on the Iraq war, September 16, 2004
- 'Collective' Misjudgements, the Butler
Report finds 'Serious Flaws' in the UK's Iraq intelligence, July 14, 2004
- Senate Intelligence Committee Report on
Pre-War Intelligence on Iraq, July 9, 2004
- UN Security Council Resolution 1546 on
Iraq, June 8
- '[T]he majority of Iraqis with whom we
met stressed that the problem of insecurity cannot be solved through military
means alone', UN Special Adviser to the Secretary-General Lakdhar Brahimi
briefs the Security Council on Iraq, June 7
- Full text of the 'Article 15-6 Investigation
of the 800th Military Police Brigade', also known as the Taguba report, after
the general who led this investigation, Major General Antonio M. Taguba
- 'You have placed US diplomats, civilians
and military doing their jobs overseas in an untenable and even dangerous
position', US former diplomats' letter to President Bush, May 4
- US and British Inquiries into WMD Intelligence,
February 6
- '[W]e may have overestimated the progress
Saddam was making', CIA Director George Tenet on Iraq and WMD, February 5
- 'Rumsfeld Says Iraq Weapons Inspectors
Need More Time', February 4
- 'I, too, want to know the facts', President
Bush on Iraq WMD intelligence, January 30
- '[W]e were almost all wrong', David Kay
on Iraq and WMD, January 28
- 'I believe the intelligence was correct',
UK Prime Minister Tony Blair on Iraq and WMD, January 2004
Acronym Institute coverage of Iraq from 1998 - 2003 is available at: http://www.acronym.org.uk/iraq.
Back to the Top of the Page
Israel
-
Engaging India, Israel and Pakistan in the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime, by Jenny Nielsen, Disarmament Diplomacy,
No.86, Autumn 2007
-
Rethinking Security Interests for a Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zone in the Middle East, by Rebecca Johnson, Disarmament Diplomacy,
No.86, Autumn 2007
-
Building Blocks for a WMD Disarmament
Regime in the Middle East, by Merav Datan, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.86,
Autumn 2007
Back to the Top of the Page
South Asia
On July 18, 2005, US President Bush and Indian President Manmohan Singh issued
a joint statement, setting out their intention to cooperate a range of issues
including high technology and space and "civilian" nuclear power.
President Bush stated that "as a responsible state with advanced nuclear
technology, India should acquire the same benefits and advantages as other such
states." Bush announced that he would seek Congressional support to "adjust
U.S. laws and policies", and that the United States would "work with
friends and allies to adjust international regimes to enable full civil nuclear
energy cooperation and trade with India." This is despite the fact that
India has not signed the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
South Asia: Documents & Statements
- Engaging India, Israel and Pakistan in the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime, by Jenny Nielsen, Disarmament Diplomacy,
Autumn 2007
- US Under Secretary for Political Affairs
R. Nicholas Burns on the US - India nuclear cooperation agreement, 29
February 2008
- Joint statement by France and India,
New Dehli, January 25, 2008
- UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown visit to
India, January 21, 2008
- 'A Future Unbound': US-India Relations,
Under Secretary for Political Affairs R. Nicholas Burns speech to the Heritage
Foundation, May 23, 2007
- President Bush signs US-India Nuclear Cooperation
Act into law, December 18, 2006
- President Bush and Prime Minister Singh
on the US-India nuclear co-operation deal, March 2, 2006
- U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political
Affairs R. Nicholas Burns on Nuclear co-operation with India, January
19, 2006
- US House Committee on International Relations,
Hearing on U.S.-India Nuclear Partnership, October 26, 2005
- US-India Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement,
Joint Statement by President Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, July
18, 2005
- Interview With Pakistan President Pervez
Musharraf, February 15
- '[E]rrors of judgment related to unauthorised
proliferation activities', Pakistan scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan admits supplying
nuclear information, February 5
South Asia: Coverage in Disarmament Diplomacy
- The misbegotten US-India nuclear deal,
Disarmament Diplomacy, Issue No.82, Spring 2006
- Dr. Khan's Nuclear WalMart, by Christopher
Clary, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.76, March/April 2004
- Iran, Libya, and Pakistan's Nuclear Supermarket,
Disarmament Diplomacy, No.75, January/February 2004
Acronym Institute coverage of South Asia from 1998 - 2003 is available at:
http://www.acronym.org.uk/sasia/index.htm.
Libya: Documents & Analysis
- Libya: Gadafy's Gamble appears to pay off,
Disarmament Diplomacy, No.77, May/June 2004
- Libya: the first real case of deproliferation
in the Middle East? Disarmament Diplomacy, No.77, May/June 2004
- Iran, Libya, and Pakistan's Nuclear Supermarket,
Disarmament Diplomacy, No.75, January/February 2004
- Libya declares its intention to dismantle
its Weapons of Mass Destruction, December 19
Back to the Top of the Page
Russia: Documents & Statements
- US and Russian Public Opinion on Arms Control
and Space Security, Nancy Gallagher, Disarmament Diplomacy, No.87, Spring
2008
- US-Russia Strategic Framework Declaration,
April 6, 2008
- Draft Text on eliminating intermediate
and shorter range missiles, proposed by Russia, 13 February 2008
- Draft Text on the Placement of Weapons
in Outer Space submitted by Russia and China, 13 February 2008
- Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov
speech to the CD, 12 February 2008
- Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov,
press conference, Geneva, 12 February 2008
- Russian Foreign Ministry statement on initiatives
in the CD, 12 February 2008
- Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov
and Polish Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski on missile defence, January
21, 2008
- Russian Foreign Ministry Statement on the
CFE Treaty, December 12, 2007
- NATO Statement on Russia's 'suspension'
of its CFE obligations, December 12, 2007
- Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov
on Iran, June 20, 2007
- President Putin on Russia's missile defence
offer, June 11, 2007
- Russian Foreign Ministery spokesperson
Anatoly Antonov on Missile Defence, June 9, 2007
- Bush and Putin Press Conference, June
7, 2007
- '[W]e must have new targets in Europe',
President Putin's response to US missile defence plans, June 4, 2007
- Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on
Iran's production of nuclear fuel on an 'industrial scale', April 10,
2007
- Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey
Lavrov on US missile defence plans, March 28, 2007
- Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey
Lavrov on Russian Foreign Policy post Munich, March 23, 2007
- Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey
Lavrov on missile defence and on Iran, March 21, 2007
- Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey
Lavrov on missile defence and START, February 21 & 28, 2007
- Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey
Lavrov on missile defence and Iran, February 27, 2007
- 'One Cold War was enough', Russian
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey Lavrov in the Washington Post, February
25, 2007
- Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey
Lavrov on START and CFE, February 16, 2007
- Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey
Lavrov on intermediate and short-range missiles, February 11, 2007
- 'Unilateral and frequently illegitimate
actions have not resolved any problems', President Vladimir Putin, Munich
Conference, February 10, 2007
- 'Russian leaders regard the maintenance
of fighting ability and readiness of strategic nuclear forces as their top
priority task', Russian Defence Minister Ivanov, July 13, 2004
- '[N]ew hypersound-speed, high-precision
new weapons systems that can hit targets at intercontinental distance and
can adjust their altitude and course as they travel', President Vladimir Putin
on Russian missile tests, February 18, 2004
- Acronym Institute coverage of US-Russia relations from 2001 - 2003 is available
at: http://www.acronym.org.uk/start/index.htm.
Back to the Top of the Page
France: Documents & Statements
- French Defense White Paper, 17 June
2008
- French President Nicolas Sarkozy visit
to Britain, 26 - 27 March 2008
- French President Nicolas Sarkozy Nuclear
Policy speech, 21 March 2008
- Joint statement by France and India,
New Dehli, January 25, 2008
- French President Nicholas Sarkozy on Nuclear
Weapons and Missile Defence, June 7 - 8, 2007
- Chirac reasserts French nuclear weapons
policy, Disarmament Diplomacy, Issue No.82, Spring 2006
- '[O]ur concept for the use of nuclear weapons
remains unchanged', President Jacques Chirac speech on French nuclear
doctrine, January 19, 2006
- 'I have extremely strong reservations about
this initiative', French President Jacques Chirac on proposals by Presidents
Bush and Blair for greater NATO involvement in Iraq, June 9
- France on NATO, Afghanistan and Iraq, February
2 & 6
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© 2008 The Acronym Institute.